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Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey
This article discusses the human rights situtation of Kurds in Turkey. Kurds have had a long history of discrimination and massacres perpetrated against them by the Turkish government. Massacres have periodically occurred against the Kurds since the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923. Among the most significant is the Dersim massacre where 13,160 civilians were killed by the Turkish Army and 11,818 people were taken into exile.〔("Resmi raporlarda Dersim katliamı: 13 bin kişi öldürüldü" ), ''Radikal'', November 19, 2009. 〕 According to McDowall, 40,000 people were killed.〔David McDowall, ''A modern history of the Kurds'', I.B.Tauris, 2002, ISBN 978-1-85043-416-0, p. 209.〕 The Zilan massacre of 1930, was a massacre〔Altan Tan, ''Kürt sorunu'', Timaş Yayınları, 2009, ISBN 978-975-263-884-6, (p. 275. ) 〕〔Pınar Selek, ''Barışamadık'', İthaki Yayınları, 2004, ISBN 978-975-8725-95-3, (p. 109. ) 〕 of the Kurdish residents of Turkey during the Ararat rebellion, in which 5,000 to 47,000 were killed.〔Osman Pamukoğlu, ''Unutulanlar dışında yeni bir şey yok: Hakkari ve Kuzey Irak dağlarındaki askerler'', Harmoni Yayıncılık, 2003, ISBN 975-6340-00-2, p. 16. 〕
In an attempt to deny their existence, the Turkish government categorized Kurds as "Mountain Turks" until 1991.〔(Turkey - Linguistic and Ethnic Groups - U.S. Library of Congress )〕〔Bartkus, Viva Ona, ''The Dynamic of Secession'', (Cambridge University Press, 1999), 90-91.〕 The words "Kurds", "Kurdistan", or "Kurdish" were officially banned by the Turkish government.〔 Following the military coup of 1980, the Kurdish language was officially prohibited in public and private life.〔Toumani, Meline. (Minority Rules ), ''New York Times'', 17 February 2008〕 Many people who spoke, published, or sang in Kurdish were arrested and imprisoned. Since lifting of the ban in 1991, the Kurdish population of Turkey has long sought to have Kurdish included as a language of instruction in public schools as well as a subject.
During the Turkey–PKK conflict, food embargoes were placed on Kurdish populated villages and towns. There were many instances of Kurds being forcefully deported out of their villages by Turkish security forces. Many villages were reportedly set on fire or destroyed.〔 Throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, political parties that represented Kurdish interests were banned. In 2013, a ceasefire effectively ended the violence until June 2015, when hostilities renewed between the PKK and the Turkish government over the Turkey–ISIL conflict. Violence was widely reported against ordinary Kurdish citizens and the headquarters and branches of the pro-Kurdish rights Peoples' Democratic Party were attacked by mobs.
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